| 1. | calamity | adversity, | disaster, | catastrophe, |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| good fortune | boon, | godsend, | windfall, | |
| 2. | candour | frankness, | sincerity, | openness, |
| deceit | dishonesty, | insincerity, | guile, | |
| 3. | cause | source, | motive, | mainspring, |
| effect | consequence, | outcome, | result, | |
| 4. | chaos | disorder, | disorganisation, | pandemonium, |
| order | harmony, | organisation, | orderliness, | |
| 5. | civil | kind, | courteous, | complaisant, |
| uncivil | rude, | discourteous, | boorish, |
| 6. | clarity | clearness, | lucidity, | transparency, |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| haziness, | obscurity, | darkness, | fuzziness | |
| 7. | combative, | aggressive, | belligerent, | bellicose |
| peaceful, | peace-loving, | non-violent, | compromising, | |
| 8. | complex, | complicated, | intricate, | convoluted |
| simple, | uncomplicated, | plain, | straightforward, | |
| 9. | compulsory, | binding, | imperative, | mandatory |
| optional | voluntary, | discretionary, | non-obligatory | |
| 10. | concise, | brief, | compact, | condensed |
| lengthy, | long, | long-winded, | extended |
| 11. | concrete, | real, | material, | solid |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstract, | ideal, | immaterial, | intangible | |
| 12. | conventional, | customary, | traditional, | usual |
| unconventional, | unorthodox, | uncommon, | unusual | |
| 13. | corrupt, | crooked, | dishonest, | contaminated |
| moral, | honourable, | honest, | righteous | |
| 14. | cosmopolitan | worldly-wise, | urbane, | sophisticated |
| provincial | parochial, | insular, | unsophisticated | |
| 15. | covert, | hidden, | concealed, | clandestine |
| overt, | open, | clear, | candid |
| 16. | crass, | coarse, | churlish, | insensitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| polished, | refined, | considerate | sensitive | |
| 17. | craven, | cowardly, | dastardly, | pusillanimous |
| courageous, | bold, | brave, | audacious | |
| 18. | crestfallen | dispirited, | dejected, | disappointed |
| encouraged, | inspired, | elated, | cheerful | |
| 19. | customary | usual, | traditional, | conventional |
| occasional, | unusual, | rare, | infrequent | |
| 20. | cynical | distrustful, | sceptical, | suspicious |
| credulous | trustful, | naïve, | unsuspicious |
*Three types of antonyms (gradable, complementary and relational) can be distinguished. Word meanings are context-dependent.